Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system.
The plane earth loss model appears appropriate At location 4, free space loss needs to be corrected for significant diffraction losses, caused by trees cutting into the direct line of sight. Path loss prediction at location 5, 6 and 7 is more difficult than at the other locations. Ground reflection and diffraction mechanisms interact. Path-loss law. Simplified Path Loss Model Complex analytical models or empirical measurements when tight system specifications must be met Best locations for base stations Access point layouts However, use a simple model for general tradeoff analysis EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak dB attenuation model d0: close-in reference point.
This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signalpropagation. Path loss may be due to many effects, such as free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection, aperture-mediumcoupling loss, and absorption. Path loss is also influenced by terrain contours, environment (urban or rural, vegetation and foliage), propagation medium (dry or moist air), the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the height and location of antennas.
Causes[edit]
Path loss normally includes propagation losses caused by the natural expansion of the radio wave front in free space (which usually takes the shape of an ever-increasing sphere), absorption losses (sometimes called penetration losses), when the signal passes through media not transparent to electromagnetic waves, diffraction losses when part of the radiowave front is obstructed by an opaque obstacle, and losses caused by other phenomena.
The signal radiated by a transmitter may also travel along many and different paths to a receiver simultaneously; this effect is called multipath. Multipath waves combine at the receiver antenna, resulting in a received signal that may vary widely, depending on the distribution of the intensity and relative propagation time of the waves and bandwidth of the transmitted signal. The total power of interfering waves in a Rayleigh fading scenario varies quickly as a function of space (which is known as small scale fading). Small-scale fading refers to the rapid changes in radio signal amplitude in a short period of time or distance of travel.
Loss exponent[edit]
In the study of wireless communications, path loss can be represented by the path loss exponent, whose value is normally in the range of 2 to 4 (where 2 is for propagation in free space, 4 is for relatively lossy environments and for the case of full specular reflection from the earth surface—the so-called flat earth model). In some environments, such as buildings, stadiums and other indoor environments, the path loss exponent can reach values in the range of 4 to 6. On the other hand, a tunnel may act as a waveguide, resulting in a path loss exponent less than 2.
Path loss is usually expressed in dB. In its simplest form, the path loss can be calculated using the formula
where is the path loss in decibels, is the path loss exponent, is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, usually measured in meters, and is a constant which accounts for system losses.
Radio engineer formula[edit]
Radio and antenna engineers use the following simplified formula (derived from the Friis Transmission Formula) for the signal path loss between the feed points of two isotropic antennas in free space:
Path loss in dB:
where is the path loss in decibels, is the wavelength and is the transmitter-receiver distance in the same units as the wavelength. Note the power density in space has no dependency on ; The variable exists in the formula to account for the effective capture area of the isotropic receiving antenna.[1]
Prediction[edit]
Calculation of the path loss is usually called prediction. Exact prediction is possible only for simpler cases, such as the above-mentioned free space propagation or the flat-earth model. For practical cases the path loss is calculated using a variety of approximations.
Statistical methods (also called stochastic or empirical) are based on measured and averaged losses along typical classes of radio links. Among the most commonly used such methods are Okumura–Hata, the COST Hata model, W.C.Y.Lee, etc. These are also known as radio wave propagation models and are typically used in the design of cellular networks and public land mobile networks (PLMN). For wireless communications in the very high frequency (VHF) and ultra high frequency (UHF) frequency band (the bands used by walkie-talkies, police, taxis and cellular phones), one of the most commonly used methods is that of Okumura–Hata as refined by the COST 231 project. Other well-known models are those of Walfisch–Ikegami, W. C. Y. Lee, and Erceg. For FM radio and TV broadcasting the path loss is most commonly predicted using the ITU model as described in P.1546 (successor to P.370) recommendation.
Deterministic methods based on the physical laws of wave propagation are also used; ray tracing is one such method. These methods are expected to produce more accurate and reliable predictions of the path loss than the empirical methods; however, they are significantly more expensive in computational effort and depend on the detailed and accurate description of all objects in the propagation space, such as buildings, roofs, windows, doors, and walls. For these reasons they are used predominantly for short propagation paths. Among the most commonly used methods in the design of radio equipment such as antennas and feeds is the finite-difference time-domain method.
The path loss in other frequency bands (medium wave (MW), shortwave (SW or HF), microwave (SHF)) is predicted with similar methods, though the concrete algorithms and formulas may be very different from those for VHF/UHF. Reliable prediction of the path loss in the SW/HF band is particularly difficult, and its accuracy is comparable to weather predictions.[citation needed]
Easy approximations for calculating the path loss over distances significantly shorter than the distance to the radio horizon:
- In free space the path loss increases with 20 dB per decade (one decade is when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver increases ten times) or 6 dB per octave (one octave is when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver doubles). This can be used as a very rough first-order approximation for (microwave) communication links;
- For signals in the UHF/VHF band propagating over the surface of the Earth the path loss increases with roughly 35–40 dB per decade (10–12 dB per octave). This can be used in cellular networks as a first guess.
Examples[edit]
In cellular networks, such as UMTS and GSM, which operate in the UHF band, the value of the path loss in built-up areas can reach 110–140 dB for the first kilometer of the link between the base transceiver station (BTS) and the mobile. The path loss for the first ten kilometers may be 150–190 dB (Note: These values are very approximate and are given here only as an illustration of the range in which the numbers used to express the path loss values can eventually be, these are not definitive or binding figures—the path loss may be very different for the same distance along two different paths and it can be different even along the same path if measured at different times.)
In the radio wave environment for mobile services the mobile antenna is close to the ground. Line-of-sight propagation (LOS) models are highly modified. The signal path from the BTS antenna normally elevated above the roof tops is refracted down into the local physical environment (hills, trees, houses) and the LOS signal seldom reaches the antenna. The environment will produce several deflections of the direct signal onto the antenna, where typically 2–5 deflected signal components will be vectorially added.
These refraction and deflection processes cause loss of signal strength, which changes when the mobile antenna moves (Raleigh fading), causing instantaneous variations of up to 20 dB. The network is therefore designed to provide an excess of signal strength compared to LOS of 8–25 dB depending on the nature of the physical environment, and another 10 dB to overcome the fading due to movement.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Stutzman, Warren; Thiele, Gary (1981). Antenna Theory and Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 60. ISBN0-471-04458-X.
- This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document 'Federal Standard 1037C' (in support of MIL-STD-188).
External links[edit]
- 'Methods for Path loss Prediction'.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Path_loss&oldid=886991524'
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Related to deterministic model: stochastic model, probabilistic model
mod·el
(mŏd′l)n.1. A small object, usually built to scale, that represents in detail another, often larger object.
2. a. A preliminary work or construction that serves as a plan from which a final product is to be made: a clay model ready for casting.
b. Such a work or construction used in testing or perfecting a final product: a test model of a solar-powered vehicle.
3. A schematic description or representation of something, especially a system or phenomenon, that accounts for its properties and is used to study its characteristics: a model of generative grammar; a model of an atom; an economic model.
4. A style or design of an item: My car is last year's model.
5. One serving as an example to be imitated or compared: a model of decorum. See Synonyms at ideal.
6. a. One that serves as the subject for an artist, especially a person employed to pose for a painter, sculptor, or photographer.
b. One that serves as the basis for a fictional character or place.
7. A person employed to display merchandise, such as clothing or cosmetics.
8. Zoology An animal whose appearance is copied by a mimic.
adj.2. Worthy of imitation: a model child.
v.mod·eled, mod·el·ing, mod·els also mod·elled or mod·el·ling
v.tr.1. To make or construct a descriptive or representational model of: computer programs that model climate change.
2. To plan, construct, or fashion in imitation of a model: modeled his legal career after that of his mentor.
3. a. To make by shaping a plastic substance: modeled a bust from clay.
4. To display by wearing or posing in: model clothes.
5. In painting, drawing, and photography, to give a three-dimensional appearance to, as by shading or highlighting.
6. Psychologya. To exhibit (a behavior) in such a way as to promote the establishment of similar patterns of behavior in another: The therapist modeled socially appropriate conversation.
b. To repeat (a behavior observed in another): The child was modeling her mother's nurturing behavior.
v.intr.2. To work or serve as a model, as in wearing clothes for display or serving as the subject of an artist.
Phrasal Verb: model (oneself) on (or after)
[French modèle, from Italian modello, diminutive of modo, form, from Latin modus, measure, standard; see med- in Indo-European roots.]
model
(ˈmɒdəl) n1. (Modelmaking & Model Railways)a. a representation, usually on a smaller scale, of a device, structure, etc
2. a. a standard to be imitated: she was my model for good scholarship.
3. a representative form, style, or pattern
4. (Art Terms) a person who poses for a sculptor, painter, or photographer
5. (Clothing & Fashion) a person who wears clothes to display them to prospective buyers; mannequin
6. (Art Terms) a preparatory sculpture in clay, wax, etc, from which the finished work is copied
7. (Commerce) a design or style, esp one of a series of designs of a particular product: last year's model.
8. (Clothing & Fashion) b. (as modifier): a model coat.
9. (Logic) a simplified representation or description of a system or complex entity, esp one designed to facilitate calculations and predictions
10. (Logic) logica. an interpretation of a formal system under which the theorems derivable in that system are mapped onto truths
vb, -els, -ellingor-elled, -els, -elingor-eled11. (Modelmaking & Model Railways) to make a model of (something or someone)
12. (Art Terms) to make a model of (something or someone)
14. (Clothing & Fashion) to display (clothing and accessories) as a mannequin
15. to plan or create according to a model or models
16. (Photography) to arrange studio lighting so that highlights and shadows emphasize the desired features of a human form or an inanimate object
[C16: from Old French modelle, from Italian modello, from Latin modulus, diminutive of modus mode]
mod•el
(ˈmɒd l)n., adj., v. -eled, -el•ing (esp. Brit.) -elled, -el•ling.n.
1. a standard or example for imitation or comparison.
2. a representation, generally in miniature, to show the construction or appearance of something.
3. an image in clay, wax, or the like, to be reproduced in more durable material.
4. a person or thing that serves as a subject for an artist, sculptor, writer, etc.
5. a person whose profession is posing for artists or photographers.
6. a person employed to wear clothing or pose with a product for purposes of display and advertising.
8. a pattern or mode of structure or formation.
10. a simplified representation of a system or phenomenon, as in the sciences or economics, with any hypotheses required to describe the system or explain the phenomenon.
11. Logic, Math. an interpretation of a formal system in which all the theorems of that system are true.
adj. 12. serving as an example or model: a model home.
13. worthy to serve as a model; exemplary: a model student.
14. being a miniature version of something: model ships.
v.t. 16. to give shape or form to; fashion.
18. to fashion in clay, wax, or the like.
19. to display to other persons or to prospective customers, esp. by wearing: to model dresses.
20. to use or include as an element in a larger construct: to model data into a forecast.
v.i. 22. to produce designs in some plastic material.
23. to assume a typical or natural appearance, as the parts of a drawing in progress.
[1565–75; < Middle French modelle < Italian modello < Vulgar Latin *modellus, diminutive of Latin modulus (see module)]
syn: See ideal.
mod·el
(mŏd′l) A description or concept of a system or set of observable events that accounts for all its known properties in a reasonable way.
model
- phantom - A model of a baby used in obstetric demonstration.
- configure - First meant 'fashion according to a model.'
- pattern - Comes from patron, 'something serving as a model.'
- Frisbee - Was modeled on pie tins from Mrs. Frisbie's Pies—made by the Frisbie Bakery of Bridgeport, Connecticut—which students began tossing around in the 1920s.
model
Past participle: modelled
Gerund: modelling
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Noun | 1. | model - a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process; 'the computer program was based on a model of the circulatory and respiratory systems' framework, theoretical account computer simulation, simulation - (computer science) the technique of representing the real world by a computer program; 'a simulation should imitate the internal processes and not merely the results of the thing being simulated' hypothesis, theory, possibility - a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena; 'a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory'; 'he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices' mean sun - a theoretical sun that moves along the celestial equator at a constant speed and completes its annual course in the same amount of time the real sun takes at variable speeds Copernican system - (astronomy) Copernicus' astronomical model in which the Earth rotates around the sun Ptolemaic system - (astronomy) Ptolemy's model of the universe with the Earth at the center M-theory - (particle physics) a theory that involves an eleven-dimensional universe in which the weak and strong forces and gravity are unified and to which all the string theories belong string theory - (particle physics) a theory that postulates that subatomic particles are one-dimensional strings stochastic process - a statistical process involving a number of random variables depending on a variable parameter (which is usually time) |
2. | model - a type of product; 'his car was an old model' kind, sort, form, variety - a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality; 'sculpture is a form of art'; 'what kinds of desserts are there?' | |
3. | model - a person who poses for a photographer or painter or sculptor; 'the president didn't have time to be a model so the artist worked from photos' artist's model, sitter - a person who poses for a painter or sculptor assistant, helper, help, supporter - a person who contributes to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose; 'my invaluable assistant'; 'they hired additional help to finish the work' photographer's model - a model who poses for photographers | |
4. | model - representation of something (sometimes on a smaller scale) figure - a model of a bodily form (especially of a person); 'he made a figure of Santa Claus' globe - a sphere on which a map (especially of the earth) is represented mock-up - full-scale working model of something built for study or testing or display planetarium - an apparatus or model for representing the solar systems restoration - a model that represents the landscape of a former geological age or that represents and extinct animal etc. representation - a creation that is a visual or tangible rendering of someone or something | |
5. | model - something to be imitated; 'an exemplar of success'; 'a model of clarity'; 'he is the very model of a modern major general' exemplar, good example, example ideal - the idea of something that is perfect; something that one hopes to attain beaut, beauty - an outstanding example of its kind; 'his roses were beauties'; 'when I make a mistake it's a beaut' pacemaker, pacesetter - a leading instance in its field; 'the new policy will be a pacesetter in community relations' pattern - a model considered worthy of imitation; 'the American constitution has provided a pattern for many republics' prodigy - an impressive or wonderful example of a particular quality; 'the Marines are expected to perform prodigies of valor' | |
6. | model - someone worthy of imitation; 'every child needs a role model' leader - a person who rules or guides or inspires others nonesuch, nonpareil, nonsuch, apotheosis, ideal, paragon, saint - model of excellence or perfection of a kind; one having no equal fashion arbiter, taste-maker, trend-setter - someone who popularizes a new fashion | |
7. | model - a representative form or pattern; 'I profited from his example' internal representation, mental representation, representation - a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image loadstar, lodestar - something that serves as a model or guide epitome, prototype, paradigm, image - a standard or typical example; 'he is the prototype of good breeding'; 'he provided America with an image of the good father' holotype, type specimen - the original specimen from which the description of a new species is made archetype, original, pilot - something that serves as a model or a basis for making copies; 'this painting is a copy of the original' template, templet, guide - a model or standard for making comparisons prefiguration - an example that prefigures or foreshadows what is to come | |
8. | model - a woman who wears clothes to display fashions; 'she was too fat to be a mannequin' fashion model, manakin, mannequin, mannikin, manikin assistant, helper, help, supporter - a person who contributes to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose; 'my invaluable assistant'; 'they hired additional help to finish the work' supermodel - a fashion model who has attained the status of a celebrity | |
9. | model - the act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale) representation - an activity that stands as an equivalent of something or results in an equivalent simulation - the act of imitating the behavior of some situation or some process by means of something suitably analogous (especially for the purpose of study or personnel training) | |
Verb | 1. | model - plan or create according to a model or models imitate, simulate, copy - reproduce someone's behavior or looks; 'The mime imitated the passers-by'; 'Children often copy their parents or older siblings' scale - pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard sovietise, sovietize - model a country's social, political, and economic structure on the Soviet Union; 'Castro sovietized Cuba' |
2. | model - form in clay, wax, etc; 'model a head with clay' artistic creation, artistic production, art - the creation of beautiful or significant things; 'art does not need to be innovative to be good'; 'I was never any good at art'; 'he said that architecture is the art of wasting space beautifully' shape, mould, mold, form, forge, work - make something, usually for a specific function; 'She molded the rice balls carefully'; 'Form cylinders from the dough'; 'shape a figure'; 'Work the metal into a sword' | |
3. | model - assume a posture as for artistic purposes; 'We don't know the woman who posed for Leonardo so often' artistic creation, artistic production, art - the creation of beautiful or significant things; 'art does not need to be innovative to be good'; 'I was never any good at art'; 'he said that architecture is the art of wasting space beautifully' display, exhibit, expose - to show, make visible or apparent; 'The Metropolitan Museum is exhibiting Goya's works this month'; 'Why don't you show your nice legs and wear shorter skirts?'; 'National leaders will have to display the highest skills of statesmanship' ramp - be rampant; 'the lion is rampant in this heraldic depiction' | |
4. | model - display (clothes) as a mannequin; 'model the latest fashion' display, exhibit, expose - to show, make visible or apparent; 'The Metropolitan Museum is exhibiting Goya's works this month'; 'Why don't you show your nice legs and wear shorter skirts?'; 'National leaders will have to display the highest skills of statesmanship' | |
5. | model - create a representation or model of; 'The pilots are trained in conditions simulating high-altitude flights' re-create - create anew; 'Re-create the boom of the West on a small scale' | |
6. | model - construct a model of; 'model an airplane' interpret, represent - create an image or likeness of; 'The painter represented his wife as a young girl' | |
Adj. | 1. | model - worthy of imitation; 'exemplary behavior'; 'model citizens' worthy - having worth or merit or value; being honorable or admirable; 'a worthy fellow'; 'a worthy cause' |
model
noun1.representation, image, copy, miniature, dummy, replica, imitation, duplicate, lookalike, facsimile, mock-upan architect's model of a wooden house
2.pattern, example, design, standard, type, original, ideal, mould, norm, gauge, prototype, paradigm, archetype, exemplar, lodestarthe Chinese model of economic reform
3.paragon, ideal, embodiment, epitome, perfect example, personification, acme, nonpareil, perfect specimen, beau idéal(French)a model of good manners
4.version, form, kind, design, style, type, variety, stamp, mode, configurationTo keep the cost down, opt for a basic model.
6.mannequin, supermodel, fashion model, clothes horse(informal), poster boy or girla top photographic model
adjective1.imitation, copy, toy, miniature, dummy, duplicate, facsimilea model aeroplane
2.ideal, perfect, impeccable, exemplary, consummate, flawless, faultlessAt school she was a model pupil.
idealflawed, impaired, deficient, imperfect
idealflawed, impaired, deficient, imperfect
3.archetypal, standard, typical, illustrative, paradigmaticThe aim is to develop a model farm from which farmers can learn.
verb1.base, shape, plan, found, pattern, moldShe asked if he had modelled the hero on anyone in particular.
2.show off(informal), base, wear, display, sport, showboatTwo boys modelled a variety of clothes from Harrods.
3.shape, form, design, fashion, cast, stamp, carve, mould, sculptSometimes she carved wood or modelled clay.
model
noun1. A small-scale representation of something:
2. One that is worthy of imitation or duplication:beau ideal, example, exemplar, ideal, mirror, paradigm, pattern, standard.
verb1. To take as a model or make conform to a model.On, upon, or after:copy, emulate, follow, imitate, pattern (on, upon, or after).
Idioms: follow in the footsteps of, follow suit, follow the example of.
2. To give form to by or as if by pressing and kneading:
adjective1. Having the nature of, constituting, or serving as a type:archetypal, archetypic, archetypical, classic, classical, paradigmatic, prototypal, prototypic, prototypical, quintessential, representative, typic, typical.
2. Conforming to an ultimate form of perfection or excellence:
طِرازعَارِضَةُ أَزْياءعارِضَة أزْياءقدوةمِثال، قُدْوَه
modelmodel-modellere=-modelefterligne
mallimalli-mallintaamannekiinimuodostaa
modeloblikovatiuzoran
manökenmanökenként dolgozikmintaként követmintázmodell
fyrirmyndlíkanmódel, fyrirsætamódel, sÿningarstúlkamóta
モデル模型模型を作る模範的な
demonstruotidirbti modeliukurti pagal pavyzdįlipdytimaketas
manekenmanekenkamodelmodeliratioblikovati
เป็นต้นแบบแบบจำลองทำให้เป็นแบบอย่างนางแบบ นายแบบ
örnekmodelmodel yapmakmodelini yapmakmodellik yapmak
model
[ˈmɒdl]A.N1. (= small-scale representation) → modelom a escala, maquetaf
2. (= example) → modelom
to hold sth/sb up as a model → presentar algo/a algn como modelo (a seguir)
a tribunal is to be set up on the model of Nuremberg → se constituirá un tribunal según el modelo de ora lamaneradel de Nuremberg
to hold sth/sb up as a model → presentar algo/a algn como modelo (a seguir)
a tribunal is to be set up on the model of Nuremberg → se constituirá un tribunal según el modelo de ora lamaneradel de Nuremberg
3. (= paragon) → modelom
he is a model of good behaviour/patience → es un modelo de buencomportamiento/paciencia
he is a model of good behaviour/patience → es un modelo de buencomportamiento/paciencia
4. (= person) (Art) → modelomf (Fashion) → modelomf, maniquímf
B.ADJ1. (= miniature) [railway, village] → en miniatura, a escala
model aeroplane → aeromodelom
model aeroplane → aeromodelom
3. (= perfect) → modeloinv
a model husband/wife → un marido/una esposamodelo
C.VTa model husband/wife → un marido/una esposamodelo
1.to model sth on sth: their new socialist state is modelled on that of China → su nuevoestadosocialistatoma como modelo el de China
the gardens are modelled on those at Versailles → los jardines están inspiradosen los de Versalles
to model o.s.on sb → tomar a algn como modelo
children usually model themselves on their parents → los niñosnormalmentetoman como modelo a sus padres
he models himself on James Dean → imita a James Dean → su modelo a imitar es James Dean
the gardens are modelled on those at Versailles → los jardines están inspiradosen los de Versalles
to model o.s.on sb → tomar a algn como modelo
children usually model themselves on their parents → los niñosnormalmentetoman como modelo a sus padres
he models himself on James Dean → imita a James Dean → su modelo a imitar es James Dean
3. (Fashion) Jane is modelling a design by Valentino → Janeluce un modelo de Valentino
her daughter models children's clothes → su hija es modelo de ropa de niños
D.VIher daughter models children's clothes → su hija es modelo de ropa de niños
2. (Phot, Art) → posar (Fashion) → ser modelo, trabajar de modelo
model
[ˈmɒdəl]n [product] → modèlem
His car is the latest model → Sa voitureest le tout derniermodèle.
His car is the latest model → Sa voitureest le tout derniermodèle.
(= person) (for fashion) → mannequinm/f
She's a famous model → C'est un mannequincélèbre.
She's a famous model → C'est un mannequincélèbre.
[building, machine, ship] → maquettef, modèlemréduit
a model of the castle → une maquette du château
a model of the castle → une maquette du château
to be a model of clarity (= very clear) → être un modèle de clarté
to be a model of discretion (= be very discreet) → être un modèle de discrétion
vtto be a model of discretion (= be very discreet) → être un modèle de discrétion
[+ shape, figure] → confectionner
to model sth out of sth [+ clay, wood] → confectionner qch en qch
to model sth out of sth [+ clay, wood] → confectionner qch en qch
to model clothes → présenter des vêtements
She was modelling a Lorna Bailey outfit → Elle présentait une tenuede lacollection Lorna Bailey.
She was modelling a Lorna Bailey outfit → Elle présentait une tenuede lacollection Lorna Bailey.
to model o.s. on sb (= copy) → se modeler sur qn
The children have their parents on which to model themselves → Les enfants ont leurs parents sur lesquels se modeler.
to model sb/sth on sth → modeler qn/qch sur qch
viThe children have their parents on which to model themselves → Les enfants ont leurs parents sur lesquels se modeler.
to model sb/sth on sth → modeler qn/qch sur qch
(for artist, photographer) → poser
You could see if the art college needs someone to model for them → Vous pourriez voir si l'école d'art a besoinde quelqu'un pour poser pour eux.
adjYou could see if the art college needs someone to model for them → Vous pourriez voir si l'école d'art a besoinde quelqu'un pour poser pour eux.
[child, pupil] → modèle
He's a model pupil → C'est un élèvemodèle.model plane, model railway
He's a model pupil → C'est un élèvemodèle.model plane, model railway
model
n→ Modellnt; to make something on the model of something → etw(acc) → einer Sache(dat) → nachbilden; it is built on the model of the Doge’s Palace → es ist eine Nachbildung des Dogenpalastes; our democracy is based on the model of Greece → unsere Demokratie ist nach dem VorbildGriechenlandsaufgebaut
(= perfect example) → Musternt (→ of an+dat); this book is a model of objectivity → dieses Buch ist ein Muster an Objektivität; to hold somebody up as a model → jdn als Vorbildhinstellen
(artist’s, photographer’s) → Modellnt; (= fashion model) → Mannequinnt; (= male model) → Dressmanm
adj→ Modell-; model railway (Brit) or railroad (US) → Modelleisenbahnf; model house → Puppenhausnt
(= perfect) → vorbildlich, mustergültig; model pupil → Musterschüler(in)m(f)
vtto model X on Y → Y als VorlageorMuster für X benutzen; X is modelled (Brit) ormodeled (US) on Y → Y dient als VorlageorMuster für X; this building is modelled (Brit) ormodeled (US) on the Parthenon → dieses Gebäude ist dem Parthenon nachgebildet; the system was modelled (Brit) ormodeled (US) on the American one → das System war nach amerikanischemMusteraufgebaut; this poem is modelled (Brit) ormodeled (US) on Shakespeare’s sonnets → dieses Gedicht ist Shakespeares Sonettennachempfunden; it’s not modelled (Brit) ormodeled (US) on anything → es ist frei entstanden, dafür gibt es keine Vorlage; to model oneself/one’s life on somebody → sich(dat) →
(= make a model) → modellieren, formen; her finely modelled (Brit) ormodeled features (US, fig) → ihre feingeschnittenenGesichtszüge
vi(Art, Phot) → als Modellarbeitenorbeschäftigt sein; (Fashion) → als Mannequin/Dressmanarbeiten; to model for somebody (Art, Phot) → ; (Fashion) →
model
[ˈmɒdl]1.n (gen) (fig) (Archit) → modello; (small-scale) → modellino (alsofashion model) → indossatore/trice, modello/a (alsoartist's model) → modello/a
male model → indossatore, modello
4-door model (of car) → versionef 4 porte
2.vtmale model → indossatore, modello
4-door model (of car) → versionef 4 porte
a.to model sth on → modellare qc su
to model sb on → prendere amodello per qn
to model o.s. on sb → prendere amodello qn
to model sb on → prendere amodello per qn
to model o.s. on sb → prendere amodello qn
b. (make a model, in clay) → modellare, plasmare; (in wood) → scolpire
3.vi (Art, Phot) → fare da modello/a, posare; (fashion) → sfilare, fare l'indossatore/trice or il/lamodello/a
4.adja. (small-scale, village, aircraft) → in miniatura
model
(ˈmodl) noun1. a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale. a model of the Taj Mahal; (also adjective) a model aeroplane. model نَموذَج макет modelo model; modelový das Modell, Modell-... model; -model; model- ομοίωμα, μακέταmodelo, maqueta mudel طرح pienoismalli modèleדגם नमूना model minta, (-)modell tiruan líkan modello 模型 모형 modelis, maketas modelis; makets model model, maquettemodellmodel طرح، موډل modelo machetă, (în) miniatură модель; макет model; modelový model maketa modell แบบจำลอง model 模型 модель, макет چھوٹا نمونہ mô hình 模型
2. a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers. Our car is a 1999 model. model طِراز модел modelo model das Modell model; -model μοντέλοmodelo mudel مدل malli modèleדגם माडल model típus model stíll, gerð, módel modello 型 모델 modelis modelis model typemodellmodel موډل modelo model модель model model model modell แบบ model 款式,型式,設計 зразок; модель کسی شے خصوصا کار کا ڈیزائن، وضع kiểu 设计,样式,型号
3. a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn. He has a job as a male fashion model. model عارِضَة أزْياء манекен modelo manekýn, -ka das Modell model μανεκένmodelo, maniquí modell, mannekeen مدل لباس malli mannequinדוגמן, דוגמנית माडल model manöken, modell model, peragawan/wati módel, sÿningarstúlka/-maður modello ファションモデル (패션) 모델 rūbų demonstruotojas, manekenas manekens; modeļu demonstrētājs model mannequinmannekeng, modellmodel د جامو موډ modelo manechin, model модель, манекенщица manekýn, -ka maneken, manekenka model fotomodell, mannekäng นางแบบ model, manken 模特兒 модель نمونے کے لباس پہن کر نمائش کرنے والا người mẫu 时装模特儿
4. a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc. I work as an artist's model. model شَخْص يَجلَس أمام فَنّان ليقوم بِتَصْويرِه модел (за рисуване) modelo model, -ka das Modell model μοντέλοmodelo modell مدل نقاشی malli modèleדוגמן, דוגמנית चित्रकार, फोटोग्राफर का माडल model modell model módel, fyrirsæta modello モデル (예술 작품의 주제의) 모델 modelis, pozuotojas modelis; pozētājs model modelmodellmodel د نقاشى موډل modelo model натурщик; натурщица model, -ka model model modell คนที่ถูกวาด ปั้น ถ่ายรูป โดยฝีมือจิตกรหรือช่างถ่ายภาพ model 人體模特兒 натурник; натурниця کسی فن کار کے لئے کام کرنا người làm mẫu 人体模特儿
5. something that can be used to copy from. model نَموذَج مُصَغَّر пример за подръжание modelo model das Muster model πρότυποmodelo, patrón mudel نمونه قرار دادن malli modèleדגם, מודל कोई व्यक्ति जिसकी नकल की जाए uzorak sablon model, contoh fyrirmynd modello 模範 꼭 닮은 것 šablonas šablons contoh modelmønsterwzorzec بيلګه modelo model образец; шаблон model vzorec uzor modell ต้นแบบ model, örnek 原型 зразок; шаблон خاکہ، نقشہ vật mẫu 原型
6. a person or thing which is an excellent example. She is a model of politeness; (also adjective) model behaviour. model, perfekte مِثال، قُدْوَه пример modelo vzor; vzorný das Vorbild, vorbildlich forbillede; forbilledlig υπόδειγμαmodelo musternäide الگو malli modèle דְמוּת לְחִיקוּי आदर्श uzor mintakép teladan fyrirmynd modello 典型 모범이 되는 사람 pavyzdys; pavyzdingas paraugs contoh teladan toonbeeldforbildewzór بيلګه modelo model образец vzor; vzorný vzor uzor mönster, förebild แบบอย่าง model, örnek 典型 зразок مثالی شخص یا شے mẫu 典型
verb – past tense, past participle ˈmodelled , (American usually) ˈmodeled – 1. to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers. They model (underwear) for a living. modelleer يَعْرِض представям дрехи desfilar předvádět Kleider, etc. vorführen være model επιδεικνύω ρούχα ως μοντέλο modelar näitama مدل بودن olla mallina être mannequin לְדַגמֵן संभावित ग्राहकों को दिखाने के लिए पहनना biti model manöken(ként dolgozik) menjadi model, meragakan sÿna indossare, fare da modello 衣服を着てみせる (모델이 의복 등을) 입어 보이다 demonstruoti (rūbus) demonstrēt modeļus memperagakan showenvise klærprezentować د موډل په حيث اغوستل passar modelos a prezenta moda, a fi model/manechin демонстрировать одежду, работать манекенщицей, манекенщиком predviesť biti maneken, manekenka raditi kao maneken vara (arbeta som) fotomodell (mannekäng) för แสดงแบบ mankenlik yapmak 穿戴衣服展示 демонструвати نمائش کے لئے لباس بہننا làm mẫu 当模特展示服装,(向顾客)穿戴展示
2. to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc. She models at the local art school. modelleer يَجْلِس أمام فَنّان ليَرْسُمَه позирам fazer de modelo stát modelem Modell stehen stå model ποζάρω, κάνω το μοντέλο hacer de modelo, posar poseerima سرمشق olla mallina poser לְדַגמֵן किसी कलाकार के लिए माडल के रूप में खुद को पेश करना pozirati modell(t ül) menjadi model sitja fyrir posare, fare da modello モデルをする 모델로 일하다 dirbti modeliu, pozuoti strādāt par modeli menjadi model poserenstå modellpozować كار كول fazer de modelo a poza, a fi model быть натурщиком, натурщицей robiť (foto)modelku pozirati raditi kao model vara (arbeta som) [foto]modell för เป็นนางแบบ modellik yapmak 當人體模特兒 позувати کسی فن کا یا مصور کے لئے ماڈل بننا làm mẫu 做模特儿
3. to make models (of things or people). to model (the heads of famous people) in clay. modelle maak يَبْني مُجَسَّمات правя модели modelar modelovat modellieren modellere; forme φτιάχνω προπλάσματα, πλάθωmodelar modelleerima شکل دادن tehdä malli modeler לִבנוֹת עַל פִּי דֶגֶם मशहूर लोगों के सिर बनाना modelirati (meg)mintáz membuat model móta modellare 型をとる 모형을 만든다 modeliuoti, lipdyti veidot; modelēt membuat model modellerenlage modeller, forme modelować, wymodelować شكل وركول modelar a modela моделировать modelovať modelirati modelirati avbilda จำลองแบบ model yapmak 做模型 ліпити لوگوں یا اشیا کے نقوش یا شکلیں بنانا đắp khuôn 做模型
4. to form (something) into a (particular) shape. She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister. vorm, aanpas يُشَكِّل، يُكَوِّن شَكْلا моделирам modelar modelovat, napodobovat vzor formen, sich zum Vorbild nehmen forme; efterligne διαμορφώνω, έχω ως υπόδειγμα modelar kujundama مطابق مدل معینی در اوردن muovailla modeler, prendre modèle sur לְעַצֵב किसी को आदर्श मान कर उसी के तरह बनना oblikovati alakít, (meg)mintáz; mintaként követ membentuk móta; miða (sjálfan sig) við modellare; prendere a modello 造形する (모형, 형, 견본, 구도 등에) 맞추어서 만들다 formuoti, kurti (ką) pagal pavyzdį veidot; ņemt par paraugu; atdarināt membentuk vormen, een voorbeeld nemen aan modellere, forme (od)wzorować په يو ټاكلى موډل كښى اچول modelar a (se) modela лепить; подражать modelovať; brať si vzor (z) oblikovati; zgledovati se oblikovati modellera, försöka efterlikna, ta efter สร้างแบบจำลอง şekil vermek 塑出特定形狀 моделювати; формувати کسی چیز کو کسی خاص شکل میں ڈھالنا nặn kiểu 按模型制作
ˈmodelling , (American) ˈmodeling noun modellering صُنْع نَموذَج، تَشْكيل قالِب، صَوْغ моделиране modelagem modelování das Modellieren, das Modellstehen model- μόντελιγκ modelado, modelismo modelleerimine; modellitöö قالب سازی muovailu modelage דוּגמָנוּת माडल बनने का, प्रतिरूपण modeliranje, oblikovanje (meg)mintázás; modellkészítés permodelan fyrirsætustörf; formsköpun modellatura, modellazione 模型製作 모형 제작 modeliavimas modelēšana peragaan het modelleren, het showen arbeid som mannekeng modelowanie په فيشنى نمايشاتو كښى كار كول، مودلينګ o acto de modelar modelare; modeling моделирование modelovanie modeliranje modeliranje arbete som [foto]modell การสร้างหุ่นจำลอง; การเดินแบบ modellik (yapma) 模特兒走秀,模型製造 моделювання; ліпна робота ماڈل کا پیشہ nghệ thuật làm mẫu 模化
model
→ عَارِضَةُ أَزْياء, مِثَالِيٌّ, نـَمُوذَجٌ, يَقْتَدِي بِ model, modelka, modelovat, vzorný model, model-, modellereModel, Modell, modellieren, vorbildlichδιαπλάθω, μοντέλο, πρότυποςmodelar, modelo malli, malli-, muotoillamannequin, modèle, modeler model, oblikovati, uzoranesemplare, modellare, modello モデル, 模型, 模型を作る, 模範的な 모델, 모범이 되는, 모형, 모형을 만들다model, model-, modellerenforme, modell, modell-model, modelowy, umodelowaćexemplar, modelar, modeloмасштабная модель, моделировать, модель, образцовый exemplarisk, modell, visa เป็นต้นแบบ, แบบจำลอง, ทำให้เป็นแบบอย่าง, นางแบบ นายแบบmodel, modelini yapmak, örnek làm mô hình, mẫu mực, mô hình, người mẫu模仿, 模型, 模特, 模范的mod·el
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